Jamaica, a Caribbean island, is dominated by the Blue Mountains in the east, peaking at Blue Mountain Peak (2,256 m)—Jamaica's highest—with coffee plantations from 1,000-1,500 m. The Central and Western ranges average 1,000 m, limestone karst with 100+ sinkholes up to 500 m deep. Formed by subduction 40 million years ago, Cockpit Country features 1,000 mogotes. The south coast's Santa Cruz Mountains reach 1,200 m, while north shore cliffs rise 300 m. Wagwater River (80 km) carves gorges. This rugged interior contrasts flat coastal plains, hosting 25 protected areas with Jamaican boas and endemic ferns.
