Cuba, the Caribbean's largest island, features the Sierra Maestra in the southeast, peaking at Pico Turquino (1,974 m)—Cuba's highest—with 1,000 km of coastal mountains from ancient subduction. The Escambray Mountains in the center rise to 1,139 m at Pico San Juan, limestone karst with mogotes up to 300 m. Formed by North American-Caribbean plate collision 50 million years ago, Viñales Valley hosts 160 caves. Western Guaniguanico includes Sierra del Rosario at 600 m with tobacco valleys. Zapata Peninsula's swamps average 10 m elevation. This topography includes 7 national parks with Cuban trogons and endemic solenodons.
