Brazil, mostly Amazon basin at 200 m average, has the Serra do Mar in the southeast rising to 2,798 m at Pico Paraná, a 1,500 km coastal escarpment from Gondwana breakup 130 million years ago. The Mantiqueira Range includes Itatiaia (2,789 m), while the Amazonian Guiana Shield features Pico da Neblina (2,995 m)—Brazil's highest—on the Venezuela border. The Pantanal wetlands span 150,000 km² at 100 m. Iguaçu Falls (82 m high, 2.7 km wide) mark the Paraná River (4,880 km). This topography covers 69% rainforest, hosting 8,500 plant species and 1,300 birds in 67 national parks like Iguaçu.
